The Poem Beowulf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1221 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? The poem Beowulf closely explores what constitutes our understanding of glory through looking at all the factors the people and the material things that work together to represent this notion. In the passage from lines 67b-83a, Hrothgar orders the building of a hall, Heorot, that will stand, literally and metaphorically, as a colossal representation of his individual accomplishments and the worth of his people. In the passage, Heorot symbolizes Hrothgars fortitude and the Danes as a model for the whole world, but whose abominable destruction is foreshadowed in the last two lines of the passage. The passages tension, which is also reflected throughout the book, lies in the fact that Hrothgars veneration and the communitys reverence of boundless glory is placed on tangible, material objects or structures in this passage, Heorot which are susceptible to total destruction. The poet of Beowulf carefully manipulates diction and alliteration to underscore how Hrothgars actions are simultaneously individualistically driven and universally impactful and foreshadowing at the end of the passage to show how Heorot acts as the representation of endless of glory while still being vulnerable to doom. These tensions complicate our understanding of glory as the concept is not always based on intrinsic worth, but rather the attachments that entire communities and people use to create its image and influence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Poem Beowulf" essay for you Create order One important way to understand the passages central friction is to examine the poets repetition of two opposing kinds of diction, which portray the kings self-centered hunger for fame and the actual impact of his actions on the community, while juxtaposing it with language that highlights his charitable, giving nature as king. The passage opens by focusing on Hrothgars individual mind, without explicitly saying it is him, but by simply having his mind turned (Beowulf, line 67) towards the creation of a hall that stand as a wonder of the world (line 70). In the whole passage, there is an incredible amount of repetition of his individual reasons for building Heorot. His pronouns are continuously used to express that this will be his throne room for him to use his God-given-goods (line 72) and that he alone will settle on the name of the hall. Furthermore, after Hrothgar gives Heorot its name, it immediately and definitively becomes law. This personification of Heorot highlights how Heorot becomes an extension of Hrothgar, as it has the influence to evoke virtue simply because Hrothgar was its founder. Furthermore, throughout the poem, the righteousness and worth of the kings Beowulf in particular is also attached to material things, like the sword, Hrunting, that Unferth gives Beowulf to fight Grendel. Yet, while this repetition of his individual pronouns is a thread throughout the passage, there is also the repetition of verbs that evoke Hrothgars giving, selfless nature. The poet chooses to repeat verbs such as handed dispense sent and doled to convey a sense of the kings generosity. There is now a focus on Hrothgar serving something larger than himself by ordering the creation of a hall that warrants respect and dignity from the entire world. The hall will indiscriminately and without fail give to young and old (line 72). Suddenly, the impact of building Heorot is turned beyond his individual desires. The contrasting insinuations of the repetition of diction create a friction towards determining whether or not the rightfulness of intentionality the extent to which a king, or person, is motivated by individual wants should matter when the consequences of their actions can be universally beneficial and also serve as a source of glory for a whole tribe. In contrast to the use of diction, the poets treatment of alliteration serves as a tool to underscore the scope or magnitude of the kings actions. The poet alliterates the words wonder and world to suggest that this hall will be a hub of influence and community for the Danes, but also a model for the entire world to respect. Alliteration is used again in the passage as it is called the hall of halls which affirms that this is a hall not only worthy of respect from the whole world, but also the example for what a hall should be like for all those who want to build halls for their respective communities. Since there is a huge amount o f focus on what the hall symbolizes rather than its actual utility, it becomes clear that glory prevails because of the construction of material things, attachments, and outward perceptions from people, rather than its real service to the people. Additionally, the poet offers another use of alliteration by saying that this is a place for the king to dispense his God-given-goods (line 72). The use of alliteration places a huge amount of importance on the scope of power that Hrothgar possesses, but also reinforces that these are not totally his individual gifts because they were given to him by God. This brings up a tension between whether or not this glory can really be totally his own if it is actually the product of an endowment from God. However, by the last two lines of the passage, the poet turns his attention towards the individual worth and endurance of the throne-room. The entire passage revolves around the timeless impact of the hall on the world, the personal triumph th at the hall gives to Hrothgar, the merits of the hall as a place for doling out the finest rings and torques (lines 80-81). Yet the 3 3 last two lines bring a complete shift in tone, by foreshadowing an inevitable and impending barbarous burning (line 83) that will remove any kind of glory that the hall now conjures up for the community. The hall of halls which tied together all the most important concepts of the world of Beowulf the power of the king, the influence of his actions will soon be reduced to nothing. The poets choice to use barbarous to describe a burning also implies that the burning will be merciless as it will cause for a total destruction of the world of Beowulf and its ideals. This final violent, vibrant image undercuts any preceding idea of enduring glory as it foreshadows complete downfall. This foreshadowing wraps up the central tension of the passage, which is the question of whether or not it is valid to bestow the attachment of important ideals on mat erial goods and gifts, if these same goods cannot prevail forever and are not impervious to the blows of evil. On the whole, the poets use of diction, alliteration, and foreshadowing compel the two central frictions of the passage: the problem of having impermanent material structures embody the eternal and transcendent idea of glory and the selfish motives behind a powerful leaders influence. However, the handling of language in this particular passage reflects a more universal dilemma about how to adequately represent and honor our most treasured communal values. While the tension of Beowulfprevails without ever being easily answered, the poem as a whole creates a timeless thread for understanding the human need to find appropriate outlets, material objects and structures, to represent our deepest beliefs. The passage begs arguably the most important question of the poem: Where should the success, the glory of the Danes, the triumph of humankind as a whole, be placed, if there e xist no permanent, no definite centers to carry indefinitely these ideals of glory, power, and stability?

Essay about The Rape and Abuse of Women in the Military

The military has become the epicenter for rape and abuse of women, all of which military officials have swept aside with all too little concern. Case after case of rape and sexual harassment are dismissed with little to no investigation made. The women of the military live scared of their male superiors and colleagues, and what they might do. Victims of sexual harassment or rape often see their pursuers honorably discharged and returned to society with no criminal record. This is not to say, however, that all men in the military commit sex crimes. In fact, the case seems to be far from to a rape victim who states, I had close friends I could talk to about it [her rape]. I had all the women on the ship behind me a hundred percent. I†¦show more content†¦You dont realize how low we have to get. You have to be simple. This is not being taught at home. (Pease, 4/26) Even with the few meek attempts being made to stop the sex crimes in the United States Armed Forces, the truth is still that there is a cover up of enormous proportion in progress. No woman is totally secure. Everybody from women in the military to young women on the streets are vulnerable to this horrendous crime spree that has been going on for the past several years in the military. The worst part of this abuse is the fact that any women that are abused usually see their pursuers released with practically no penalty to them whatsoever, and it is very rare to see a womans pursuer convicted. Less than two years ago, on labor day weekend, there were several United States troops in Okinawa, Japan. Four of these troops met in Naha at a club. They joked about grabbing a girl from the town to have some fun. One man refused, while the remaining three, two marines and a sailer went searching for a girl. 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Music in Different Cultures Essay Example For Students

Music in Different Cultures Essay Music and Contemporary U. S. Culture Popular Music in its Many Facets In its broadest sense, popular music is an umbrella term referring to a vast range of commercially mass-marketed musical genres contrasting with classical or art music and intended for mass consumption (e. G. , rock, rock and roll, hip-hop, grunge, heavy metal, rhythm and blues, punk, soul, techno, funk, rap, house). This wide- ranging term encompasses a plethora of musical styles involving various rhythms, vocal styles, instruments, and technologies. Characteristically, popular music is a lobar cultural phenomenon and an accessible form of commercial music aimed at a worldwide audience. Traditionally, British and American forms of popular music have tended to dominate the industry. Corresponding to social, economic, and technological change, popular music is intimately linked to the identity of musicians, performers, or artists, as well as audiences and fans. Popular music is ubiquitous; from shopping malls and advertising to gymnasiums/fitness classes and political campaigns, popular music is a common feature of peoples everyday lives and a significant aspect of consumer culture. For fans and enthusiasts, popular music can be a leisure-time pursuit occurring on evenings or weekends; alternatively, it can constitute a lifestyle, or way of life (e. G. , Deadheads?a group of fans of the American band Grateful Dead who saw the band at as many gigs and festivals as possible from the asses onward). For many people, the consumption of popular music is a significant means of identification, affiliation, and belonging. Different forms of popular music can create pleasure and excitement for some and moral panic and dread for others; it is a much debated and important realm of cultural life with significant implications for our understanding of consumer culture. Providing a concrete and tangible definition of what constitutes popular music has been the subject of much academic debate. As Richard Middleton contends, attempting to define popular music is riddled with complexities (1990, 3). Studies of popular By Josses commonly analyzed as a text, to sociological, which tends to focus on the social uses of popular music and the dynamic and interactive relationship between popular music, culture, and society. Popular music is commonly understood as being intrinsically linked to popular culture. Sociological studies of popular music audiences tend to use either questionnaire-based survey methods; ethnographic approaches, such as participant observation and in-depth interviewing; or a combination of the two. Through survey research, tastes in popular music are understood as being shaped by a persons gender, age, social class background, and race/ethnicity. To a certain extent, sociological approaches to studying popular music stem from cultural studies, an offshoot of sociology developed primarily in the asses at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CSS) in Birmingham, England, led by Richard Haggard and later Stuart Hall. A number of notable popular music theorists worked at the CSS, including Dick Hebrides, lain Chambers, Angela Microbes, and Paul Willis. A major focus of the CSS was the study of youth culture and subcultures analysis; subsequently, popular music was perceived as central to adolescent resistance, understood as key to the development of sociology of youth, and viewed as a crucial realm of youth consumption practices and identification. Thus, popular music research since the asses has tended to focus on teenagers and ropes of youths that coalesce around particular music styles. Few academic studies of popular music existed pre-1970, and the subject received relatively little scholarly attention during the asses and asses, with the exception of aforementioned theorists that worked at institutions such as the CSS and key theorists such as Lawrence Grosser in the United States and Simon Firth in the United Kingdom. Since the asses, there has been a proliferation of survey research, theoretical material, and ethnographic work concerned with the production and consumption of popular music and particularly its reception in society. Thomas Edison invented sound recording in 1877 in the United States; as a result, the era of recorded music began. The emergence of many popular music genres during the twentieth century can be linked to technological advancements of the same period. The rise of recorded music together with more stringent copyright protection laws facilitated the development of the music business in capitalist society and more specifically the centralization of the American music publishing business and songwriters in an area of New York known as Tin Pan Alley in the late-nineteenth century. The Tin Pan Alley RA initially specialized in ballads and novelty songs but later began to incorporate popular styles of the period, including ragtime, Jazz, and blues. Significant technological innovations such as the widespread use of radio, the increasing quality and affordability of the gramophone, the introduction of the microphone in the asses, and the inception of amplification and electric recording paved the way for new musical styles to emerge, such as rhythm and blues and rock and roll, leading to a surge in popularity of record buying, particularly in Britain and America but also on global scale. Theodore Adorn, a critical theorist and leading member of the Frankfurt school in Germany, coined the term culture industry in his critique of mass culture that made specific reference to popular music. The majority of Adorns account is based on his views of popular music produced in the Tin Pan Alley era and repetitive, and unequivocally contrasts with serious music: A clear Judgment concerning the relation of serious to popular music can be arrived at only by strict attention to the fundamental characteristic of popular music: standardization. Essay About Rap MusicFrom moods to rockers, punks to clubbers, the consumption of popular music is widespread and has become increasingly diverse as popular music genres have evolved. Sociological readings of popular music have tended to focus on the social uses of popular music, particularly in relation to the collective action of people forming music scenes and using music as a means of identification and expression of a sense of self. In the asses, subcultures theorists, such as Paul Willis, gave attention to popular music consumption as a signifier of a groups style, outlook, and focus. Willis advocated a structural homology evaluation concerned with how far, in their structure and content, particular items parallel and reflect the structure, style, typical concerns, attitudes and feelings of the social group (Willis 1978, 191). Thus, for Willis and other subcultures theorists, it was argued that a fit was evident between specific fashions and styles?in respect to popular music and clothing? and a groups identity and coloratura values and beliefs. A crucial concern for subcultures analysts was the issue of Juvenile deviance and resistance and the various ways British working- class youth cultures used music and associated fashion styles and cultural practices to express themselves (see Hall and Jefferson 1976). Hebrides seminal study of punk ultra in Britain focused primarily on these issues and exemplified the homology between the consumption of popular music and particular social groups. Popular boys of the asses and punks of the late asses were understood as representative of this view. The consumption of popular music was recognized as being symbolic of a persons social class background, gender, and race and ethnicity. It was viewed as a highly significant realm of culture, defining assemblages of individuals bound by their affiliation to a particular musical style and coupled with style, dress and appearance, recreational drug experiences, and cultural practices. Subcultures theory has incited numerous criticisms since its inception during the asses. Some of these include its focus on groups of young males and neglect of girls and their relationship with youth subcultures, its inherent rigidity and fixedness, and the apparent absorption of so-called underground subcultures into the mainstream. Sarah Thornton attempts to rework the term into her analysis of dance music cultures in Britain by using the phrase club cultures and discussing the significance of subcultures capital in the EDM world. In contrast to subcultures approaches, the use of the term scene featured in many popular music studies of the asses onward endeavoring to redefine popular music communities. Will Straw uses the term to describe that cultural space in which a range of musical practices coexist, interacting with each other within a variety of processes of differentiation, and according to widely varying trajectories of change and cross-fertilization (1991 , 373). A music scene is created as coalitions and alliances coalesce around musical styles, convey a sense of purpose, and form boundaries signifying who is in and out and therefore forming and maintaining social groups (373). The term scene denotes an increasing sense of fluidity in music cultures, and Andy Bennett provides an interpretation of urban dance music communities in Britain that takes into account the necessity for less rigid accounts of groups of popular music fans. Bennett coins the term neo-tribes to describe groups of young dance music fans. He suggests that the club setting can be viewed as one of the many forms of temporal engagement through which neo-tribal associations are formed because it provides a pace for expressions of togetherness based on articulations of fun, relaxation, and pleasure. Clubbing appears to be regarded less as a singularly definable activity and more as a series of fragmented, temporal experiences as clubbers move between different dance floors and engage with different crowds. References Researching popular music requires numerous theoretical and methodological approaches due to its fast-changing and progressive nature. The focus on youth cultures in studies of popular music is now being questioned as academics have begun to recognize the longevity of popular music genres and aging popular music an base. Similarly, concerns with popular music consumption as representative of cultural values and a form of political resistance have been challenged by research that concentrates on the significance of popular music in our everyday lives to influence moods and offer routine (e. G. , De Nora 2000). The rise of disc Jockey (DC) culture and subsequent blurring of the production and consumption of popular music in accordance with technological developments have led to an increase in studies of clubbers and EDM fans, which contest the privileging of rock music and vive gigs in traditional popular music research. Defining popular music is highly problematic, and there has been a blurring of popular forms of music and classical in groups such as the Three Tenors. Certainly, it is vital to note that what constitutes popular music is subjective and often culturally and historically dependent. Major contemporary concern within popular music research and the popular music industry is the impact of the Internet on producing and consuming popular music. On one hand, some perceive the Internet as a threat to the music business involving aromatic financial losses due to piracy and peer-to-peer file sharing.

Inflation in Singapore

Question: Discuss about the Inflation in Singapore. Answer: Inflation in Singapore Inflation is a crucial component of every economy. According to an article in The Strait Times, the inflation rate in the Singapore rose by 0.7 percent in February this year. The article, Singapore consumer prices pick up pace with 0.7% rise in February but core inflation eases, narrates how the consumer price index in the country rose at the fastest annual pace in more than two years (Williams, 2017). More specifically, all-items inflation increased by 0.1 percent between January and February (Williams, 2017). Primarily, the country experienced upsurges in prices of food, services, and road transport costs. In turn, this led to the rise in the level of inflation in Singapore in February. The Concept of Inflation Essentially, inflation refers to the persistent growth in the general price level of commodities in a given country over a given period of time. Often, a sustained inflation leads to a loss of value of an economys currency. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the fact that as the general prices rise, each unit of currency buys fewer commodities. Hence, an upsurge in the level of inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power of the countrys currency. A rise in the consumer price index is thus an indication of the existence of a macroeconomic problem in the economy that needs to be addressed. Although a little inflation may be beneficial to the economy, sustained inflation is detrimental. Predominantly, the Consumer Price Index is the main tool used in measuring the level of inflation in the economy. Mainly, it is constructed using the prices of a sample of representative commodities whose prices are collected over a period. In Singapore, it is used to index the real value of salaries, wages, pensions, and regulating the price level in the economy. Apart from the CPI, other commonly used price indices for measuring inflation comprise of Commodity Price Indices, Producer Price Indices (PPI), and Core Price Indices. Primarily, the PPI determines the average variations in prices received by manufacturers for their output. On the other hand, the Commodity Price Indices represents a weighted price measure of selected commodities. Lastly, the Core Price Indices are used to measure the inflationary impact if current monetary policy. Overall, high and unpredictable inflation rates are harmful to the general economy. Mainly, this is because high inflation results in inefficien cies in the market. It may reduce the productivity of companies as they are forced to shift resources away from manufacturing to concentrate on losses arising from inflation. Discussion Macroeconomic Challenges It is imperative to note that inflation has significant consequences for the economy. Just like any other economy, inflation is one of the key macroeconomic challenges in Singapore. Firstly, the general prices in the economy increase, making it expensive for consumers in Singapore (World Bank, 2017). As noted in the article, general prices in the economy rose by approximately 0.7 percent in the economy in February. Essentially, the inflation rose by 0.1 percent between January and February. It is imperative to highlight the fact that this rise in the nations CPI is the highest since September 2014 (Williams, 2017). In isolation, private road transport costs in the country escalated by 7.1 percent in February following increases in the prices of petrol pump prices. In the same way, services inflation was recorded at 1.5 percent (Inflation, 2017). On the other hand, food inflation was estimated as1.3 percent (Kondo, 2017). Core inflation, which excludes the cost of private road transpo rt and cost of accommodation was estimated to have risen by 1.2 percent during the same month, from a year earlier (Trading Economics, 2017). Causes of Inflation Primarily, inflation in the economy is as a result of various factors. Typically, inflation arises due to either excess aggregate demand in the economy or due to cost push factors. For this reason, inflation may be demand pull or cost-push inflation (Causes of Inflation, 2017). Demand-pull inflation. By and large, this form of inflation arises when the level of aggregate demand in the economy increases over and above the overall supply of services and goods in the economy. As such, an increase in demand for commodities by Singapore consumers results in a shift in the aggregate demand curve while the supply of commodities remains constant. Consequently, this creates an upward pressure on prices, causing inflation. Source: (Amadeo, 2017). Cost-push inflation. Basically, this arises when the producers in the country raise the price of their commodities following an increase in the price of factors of production. In the country, an increase in fuel prices results in an increase in production costs for firms. In turn, they respond to these increased costs by reducing their supply of services and commodities into the economy. Eventually, this leads to a shortage of commodities in the economy, forcing consumers to compete for the available products. Subsequently, this forces prices to rise, thereby causing inflation in the country. Apart from the increase in production prices, the continued increases in the countrys minimum wages have led to the rise in inflation. Particularly, trade unions in Singapore bargain for higher wages for its members. The high wages play a significant role in pushing firms costs upwards. Therefore, to cater for these costs, firms reduce their supply or increase prices for their products. In turn, this creates inflation in the economy. Likewise, the recent depreciations in the countrys pound against the dollar has made import prices more expensive, thus leading to inflation in the country. Source: (Amadeo, 2017). Impact of Inflation The rise in the level of inflation in February has had significant impacts on the economy and the Singapore society. Noteworthy, the rise in consumer prices was not accompanied by increases in the level of salaries and wages for the people of Singapore. For this reason, there has been a reduction in their real money (Singapore, 2017). As such, they cannot afford as many goods and services as they used to in January, since the pound has lost its purchasing power. In this regard, this inflation has caused a loss in the welfare of the people. Policies to Control Inflation In order to reduce the level of inflation in the economy, the government may institute a price control for essential consumer commodities. By doing so, the government will be able to control general prices from rising. In addition, it may adopt a rational wage policy for Singapore workers (Amadeo, 2016). This way, firm costs will significantly reduce, causing a reduction in the price of commodities. Furthermore, the government may adopt the policy of rationalization to increase productivity in industries in the country (Controlling Inflation, 2010). Over time, this will ensure that supply can meet increases in aggregate demand, thereby controlling the level of inflation in the economy. Conclusion All in all, all factors considered, the economy of Singapore has been performing relatively well. However, the recent rise in the level of inflation has been significant. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the increase in the costs of private transportation, food prices, and services. Primarily, one may classify the inflation as cost-push or demand pull. The inflation has affected firms and households in Singapore given the fact that the purchasing power of the Singaporean currency has slightly reduced. Regardless, the government may control this inflation through rational wages, rationalization of local industries and price control policies. Eventually, inflationary pressures will be eliminated from the Singapore economy. References Amadeo, K. (2016). What Is Being Done to Control Inflation? The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-being-done-to-control-inflation-3306095. Amadeo, K. (2017). Causes of Inflation: 2 Real Reasons for Rising Prices. The Balance. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/causes-of-inflation-3-real-reasons-for-rising-prices-3306094. Causes of Inflation. (2017). Economics Help. Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/inflation/causes-inflation/. Controlling Inflation. (2010). Economy Watch. Retrieved from https://www.economywatch.com/inflation/controlling.html. Inflation in Singapore. (2017). Focus Economics. Retrieved from https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/singapore/inflation. Inflation, consumer prices (annual %). (2017). World Bank. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG. Kondo, M. (2017). Singapore Dollar Bulls Are Gathering in the Swap Market. The Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-26/singapore-dollar-bulls-gather-in-swaps-as-mas-policy-meet-looms Singapore (2017). 2017 Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/singapore. Singapore Economy. (2017). Countries of the World. Retrieved from https://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/singapore/singapore_economy.html. Singapore Inflation Rate. (2017). Trading Economics. Retrieved from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/inflation-cpi. Williams, A. (2017). Singapore consumer prices pick up pace with 0.7% rise in February but core inflation eases. The Straits Time. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-consumer-prices-rise-07-in-february-fastest-annual-pace-in-over-two-years.